Hello to Summer 2007 Students
Welcome to any NDGS summer 2007 students who wandered over this way. Please join us.
Summer students came together on a common quest for goodness and beauty and truth; and as they met and mingled, it seemed to them, at some undefineable, grace-filled moment amidst the frequent rains they experienced, that a streak of lightning had been captured in a bottle (an empty wine bottle from Rappahannock Cellars), a bolt of illumination and inspiration from above, creating in them a camaraderie and a synergy that they wanted to share with any passers-by in the cosmos of cyberspace.
Welcome to any NDGS summer 2007 students who wandered over this way. Please join us.
I sent my registration in for summer classes. Anyone else going to be there this summer?
God bless ye merry gentlemen, and merry ladies!
Or as Chesterton puts it, in What I Saw in America, 1922, "The Declaration of Independence dogmatically bases all rights on the fact that all men are created equal; and it is right; for if they were not created equal, they were certainly evolved unequal. There is no basis for democracy except in a dogma about the divine origin of man." (see the American Chesterton Society at www.chesterton.org)
Aristotle justified slavery by his belief that all men are not created equal, that some men are inferior to other men; and in this belief he was following the lead of Plato, whose proposed exceptionally brutal rules for the treatment of slaves, according to Rodney Stark in his 2003 book, For the Glory of God. "Plato did not believe that becoming a slave was simply a matter of bad luck;" writes Stark, "rather, in his view, nature creates a 'slavish people' lacking the mental capacity for virtue or culture, and fit only to serve. Because slaves have no souls, 'they have no human rights,' and masters can treat them as they will." As for Aristotle, he wrote, in Politics, what is the antithesis to Christmas: "From the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule."
At least the men who lived before the coming of Christ the King, before Christmas, may well have been doing the best that they could to follow truth and goodness and beauty, like the Wise Men who followed the star to Bethlehem. Chesterton writes of these three philosophers, men of science and reason who rejoiced when they found Jesus, and fell down and worshipped him, "They would stand for the same human ideal if their names had really been Confucius or Pythagoras or Plato."
What of the men of the so-called Enlightenment, in the 1600s and 1700s, most of whom favored the revival of slavery? They were the ideological heirs to the secular humanists of the Renaissance (as opposed to the Catholic humanists, such as St. Thomas More); in turn they are the ideological ancestors to the Secularists of today. With unrestrained confidence in the power of human reason, the "Enlightenment" revolted against Christ the King and ultimately usurped his throne in the French Revolution of 1789, a violent overthrow that was only partially reversed, with massive repercussions down to our own day. The virulent strain of secularism so pervasive in the "Enlightenment," with frequent outbreaks of anti-Christianity, has been transmitted with tenacity to the Secularists of our day.
"It would please many contemporary scholars if the moral arguments for abolition had been a product of the 'Enlightenment,'" writes Stark. The truth is, however, "a virtual Who's Who of 'Enlightenment' figures fully accepted slavery. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) 'openly sanctioned human bondage' -- Locke invested in the Atlantic slave trade. Voltaire (1694-1778) wrote a nasty comment concerning Christians profiting from slavery, but he supported the slave trade and believed in the inferiority of Africans."
Another supporter of slavery was Edmund Burke, "who dismissed abolitionists as religious fanatics." Though some of the figures of the Enlightenment did oppose slavery, "most accepted slavery as a normal part of the human condition," writes Stark. "It was not philosophers or secular intellectuals who assembled the moral indictment of slavery, but the very people they held in such contempt: men and women having intense Christian faith, who opposed slavery because it was a sin."
Slavery is, according to the French historian, Regine Pernoud, "perhaps the most profound temptation of humanity." In about the year 400, in the waning days of the Roman Empire, a devout Catholic woman named Melania the Younger, who had inherited vast estates in the province of north Africa, and her husband, Pinian, both of them saints (Feast day: December 31), gave this spacious land to their slaves, numbering more than one thousand, along with their freedom. "In the movement for the liberation of slaves," writes Pernoud, "Melania's influence was concrete and certain."
So it was that, by faith in Christ the King, the immense mountain of slavery was gradually thrown into the sea changes of history by the collective actions of Catholics over several centuries -- this voluntary movement aided by Church councils that, according to Pernoud, "never ceased to enact measures to make the fate of slaves more human and gradually to have them recognized as human beings." And so it is a historical fact, though one that is almost always overlooked by the experts, that this momentous achievement of ending slavery was accomplished during the days of Christendom, which are dismissively termed the "Middle Ages" by some detractors of the Catholic Church, and derisively termed the "Dark Ages" by others even more antagonistic.
"Therefore," writes Pernoud, "we have to conclude that during this reputedly brutal period perhaps the greatest change in social history occurred: the slave, who had been a thing, became a person...." (see her books: Those Terrible Middle Ages!: Debunking the Myths (1977) and Women in the Days of the Cathedrals (1989) -- both republished by Ignatius Press: www.ignatius.com)
It is also a historical fact that slavery returned as Christendom began to deteriorate due to defections from Christ the King, with the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. The ages of faith condemned slavery; the ages of reason condoned it. Even when Catholics were complicit in the return of slavery, it was over the clear objections of the popes; influenced by their secular neighbors, the children of the Church had come to think that they were too sophisticated to listen to the Holy Father.
Pernoud writes that this amazing emancipation of the slave in the days of Christendom has been little noted by historians, and that the reversion to slavery during the Renaissance should have caught their attention, prompting them to inquire as to why the slave had disappeared in the first place. The institution of slavery, she writes, "could not long survive the spread of the gospel." Conversely, the abolition of slavery, it seems, could not long survive the neglect of the gospel.
The Declaration of Independence is half right: It is true that all men are created equal, but this truth is not self-evident. The equality of man, that is of all men and women, is a revelation of Christ the King. It is a gift of Christmas. Christ the King says that his kingdom is not of this world, and that he has come to bear witness to the truth. He grants to us a generous measure of autonomy in governing ourselves, but he will not cede to us authority regarding the truths of human rights. He knows that if our rights are not guaranteed by God, it is only a matter of time before they are taken away by man, whether by the whim of a cruel dictator or the mood of a democratic majority.
"I have said that St. Francis deliberately did not see the wood for the trees. It is even more true that he deliberately did not see the mob for the men. What distinguishes this very genuine democrat from any mere demagogue is that he neither either deceived or was deceived by the illusion of mass-suggestion. Whatever his taste in monsters, he never saw before him a many-headed beast. He only saw the image of God multiplied but never monotonous. He honoured all men; that is, he not only loved but respected them all." ------ G.K. Chesterton in St. Francis of Assisi
Letter to the Editor
"Merry does not mean drunk, or uproarious, or frivolous. It means that a man is light-hearted, that his mind is at ease, that he is in a good humour, that he is ready to share a bit of fun with his neighbours. There is humility in the word, and innocence, and comradeship.